Resumen
La microbiota intestinal comprende más de 100 billones de microorganismos y desempeña funciones críticas en la inmunidad, el metabolismo y la homeostasis. Su desequilibrio (disbiosis) se ha asociado con trastornos gastrointestinales, metabólicos, autoinmunes y neurológicos. Por otra parte, los probióticos, microorganismos vivos con efectos beneficiosos, han surgido como una estrategia terapéutica prometedora. Analizamos aquí el impacto de los probióticos Bacillus subtilis CW14 y Propionibacterium freudenreichii ITG P9 en células epiteliales intestinales de las líneas celulares Caco-2 y HT-29, respectivamente. Mediante un enfoque integrador basado en herramientas bioinformáticas, se examinaron genes expresados diferencialmente e interacciones proteína-proteína (IPP) para establecer el impacto de estos probióticos en la modulación génica y su relación con diversas patologías humanas. Los resultados mostraron efectos específicos para cada probiótico: B. subtilis CW14 moduló principalmente una respuesta inmunitaria coordinada y controlada que involucró quimiocinas y factores inflamatorios, en tanto que P. freudenreichii ITG P9 provocó una respuesta transcripcional caracterizada por la modulación de genes asociados al control del ciclo celular y el estrés. Se estableció el efecto pleiotrópico de ambos probióticos en genes vinculados a enfermedades metabólicas, neurológicas y autoinmunes, regulando en muchos casos genes con propiedades inmunomoduladoras, neuroprotectoras o antitumorales. De los resultados emergieron, además, mecanismos moleculares claves relacionados con la inmunomodulación, incluidos receptores innatos como el TLR y el NOD, y vías de señalización como la NF-κB y la MAPK, lo que respalda la relevancia de la conexión del eje intestino-cerebro a partir de los datos transcriptómicos como marco de futuras investigaciones.
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