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Los murciélagos o quirópteros (orden Chiroptera) representan el 20 % de los mamíferos vivientes. Se han adaptado a todos los nichos ecológicos existentes (exceptuando la Antártida y el Ártico) como producto de procesos evolutivos que les permiten sobrevivir y reproducirse en condiciones muy diferentes. Además, los murciélagos son los únicos mamíferos voladores, lo que exige una alta carga metabólica y lleva a la liberación de moléculas genotóxicas y proinflamatorias. Sin embargo, los Chiroptera han desarrollado mecanismos para contrarrestar estos efectos dañinos que, paralelamente, se asocian con una vida prolongada, baja incidencia de cáncer y tolerancia a las infecciones virales. Los murciélagos son reservorios de una gran variedad de virus sin presentar enfermedad. Su resistencia a las infecciones virales se ha explicado por una tolerancia inmunitaria que permite que los virus permanezcan en estos hospederos sin causar daño tisular o enfermedad. La tolerancia se rompe cuando los murciélagos sufren estrés por alteración de los ecosistemas donde habitan o por reducción de sus fuentes de alimento, situaciones que ocurren generalmente por efecto antrópico. Los principales mecanismos de la tolerancia inmunitaria a las infecciones virales en los quirópteros son la activación constitutiva de los genes estimulados por interferón tipo I con actividad antiviral y la disminución de la activación del inflamasoma, lo que permite controlar la replicación viral sin inducir respuestas inflamatorias que causen daño tisular. El estudio de la tolerancia a las infecciones en los quirópteros puede conducir al desarrollo de nuevas formas de prevención y tratamiento de las infecciones epizoóticas.
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