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Los drenajes de mina se consideran el principal contaminante proveniente de las actividades mineras debido al impacto que generan sobre los ecosistemas. En este trabajo se evaluó el efecto de los drenajes ácidos y neutros de minas de carbón sobre la actividad y la diversidad de las comunidades microbianas del suelo. En la primera se determinó mediante la cuantificación de las enzimas β-glucosidasa, ureasa, fosfatasa ácida y alcalina, deshidrogenasa y celulolítica, y la diversidad mediante una librería de clones en la que se identificaron 45 géneros bacterianos. Los resultados se relacionaron con los parámetros fisicoquímicos de los suelos afectados mediante un análisis de correspondencia canónica y una red biológica de los ciclos biogeoquímicos. Se encontró que, en suelos afectados por drenajes ácidos y neutros de mina, la actividad de las enzimas β-glucosidasa, ureasa y fosfatasa ácida y alcalina disminuyó significativamente, en tanto que la actividad de las enzimas deshidrogenasas y celulolíticas aumentó. Por otra parte, los nutrientes (carbono y nitrógeno), al igual que los metales (Mn, Fe, Pb, Cd y Mg) y los sulfuros, fueron las variables fisicoquímicas con mayor impacto sobre las comunidades bacterianas del suelo. Los metales y los sulfuros tienen un
papel importante en la adaptación de la población microbiana en ambientes mineros, sin embargo, cuando se utiliza enmienda orgánica, disminuye el impacto sobre la comunidad al conservarse el
ciclo de nutrientes.
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