Abstract
Based on a cartographic review of the central- eastern zone of the MMV Basin, the collection of structural data and 3 structural cross sections, it was possible to define three structural domains in the study area: The eastern domain, central domain and western domain. The eastern domain is characterized by east vergent and high angle reverse faults, involving the Girón Formation. Central and western domains are characterized by west vergent reverse faults involving Lower Cretaceous to Paleogene and Neogene rocks. A regional cross section shows that faults in the eastern domain correspond to tectonic inversion structures evidenced by changes in thickness of the Girón Formation. These structures are defined as a structural style dominated by thick-skinned deformation type. Structures of the central and western domains are characterized by flat-ramp reverse faults in the Cretaceous and Paleogene units dominated by thin-skinned deformation type. The regional model proposed shows a divergent structural style and differs from the structural model reported in previous studies. In this paper we propose a transverse zone to explain variations in the structural style of the Middle Magdalena Valley from south to north. © 2016. Acad. Colomb. Cienc. Ex. Fis. Nat. All rights reserved.References
Barrero, D., Pardo, A., Vargas, C., Martínez, J. (2007). Colombian sedimentary basins: Nomenclature, Boundaries and Petroleum Geology, a New Proposal. Agencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos –ANH - Edited and compiled by: ANH and B&M Exploration Ltda. Bogotá.
Bayona, G, Cardona. A, Jaramillo. C, Mora. A, Montes. C, Caballero. V, Mahecha. H, Lamus-Ochoa. F, Montenegro. O, Jimenez. G, Mesa. A, Valencia. A (2013), Onset of fault reactivation in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia and proximal Llanos basin; response to Caribbean—South American collision in early Palaeogene time, in Thick-Skin-Dominated Orogens: From Initial Inversion to Full Accretion, edited by M. Nemčok, A. R. Mora, and J. W. Cosgrove, Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ., 377, doi:10.1144/SP377.5.
Beltrán, A., Quintero, C. (2008). Geología de la Plancha 119, Barrancabermeja. Escala 1: 100.000. Ingeominas. Bogotá.
Caballero, V., Parra, M., Mora, A. (2010). Levantamiento de la Cordillera Oriental de Colombia durante el Eoceno tardío – Oligoceno temprano: proveniencia sedimentaria en el sinclinal de Nuevo Mundo, cuenca Valle Medio del Magdalena. Boletín de Geología Vol. 32, N°1, Enero-Junio de 2010. p 45-77.
Chajín, P., Mier, R., Palmera, T. Delgado, L., Luna, J. (2013). Reinterpretación del Modelo Estructural del Campo Escuela Colorado, VMM, Colombia. En. XV Congreso Colombiano de Petrólero y Gas. Noviembre 20 al 22-Corferias. Bogotá.
Colletta, B., Hebrard, F., Letouzey, J., Werner, P., and Rudkiewicz. J. (1990). Tectonic style and crustal structure of the Eastern Cordillera (Colombia) from a balanced cross section, in Petroleum and Tectonics in Mobile Belts, edited by J. Letouzey, pp. 81-100, Technip, Paris.
Cooper, M. A., Addison, F. T., Álvarez, R., Coral, M., Graham, R. H., Hayward, S. H., Martínez, J., Naar, J., Peñas, R., Pulham, A. J., Taborda, A. (1995). Basin development and tectonic history of the Llanos Basin, Eastern Cordillera, and Middle Magdalena Valley, Colombia: American Asso-ciation of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 79, no. 10, p. 1421- 443.
Córdoba, F., Rolón, L., Buchelli, F., Suarez, M. (1996). Provincia petrolífera del Valle Medio del Magdalena, Colombia. Empresa Colombiana de Petróleos (ECOPETROL). p. 603-605. Santafé de Bogotá.
Córdoba, F., López, C., Rolón, L., Buchelli, F., Sotelo, C. (2001). Proyecto evaluación regional del Valle Medio del Magdalena y Cordillera, Ecopetrol, informe interno: Bogotá.
Dengo, C. A., Covey, M.C. (1993). Structure of the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia: implications for trap styles and regional tectonics. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 77: 1315-1337.
Etayo-Serna, F. (1968). El sistema Cretáceo en la región de Villa de Leiva y zonas próximas: Geología Colombiana, v. 5, p. 5-74.
Etayo-Serna, F. y F. Laverde. (1985). Proyecto Cretácico. Publicaciones Especiales del INGEOMINAS, 16: 1-450. Bogotá.
Fabre, A. (1983). La subsidencia de la Cuenca del Cocuy (Cordillera Oriental de Colombia) durante el Cretáceo y el Terciario Inferior. Primera parte: Estudio cuantitativo de la subsidencia: Geología Norandina, v. 8, p. 22-27.
Gomez, E., T. Jordan, R. Almandiger, K. Hegarty, S. Kelly, and M. Heizler (2003), Controls on architecture of the Late Cretaceous to Cenozoic southern Middle Magdalena Valley Basin, Colombia, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 115: 131-147, doi: 10.1130/00167606(2003)115<0131:COAOTL> 2.0.CO;2.
Ghiglione, Suarez. F, Ambrosio. A, Da Poian. G, Cristallini. E.O, Pizzio M.F y R. M. Reinoso (2009). Structure and evolution of the austral basin fold- hrust belt, Southern Patagonian Andes. Rev. Asoc. Geol. Argent. Vol. 65, n.1, p. 215-226.
Jiménez, G., Rico, J., Bayona, G., Montes, C., Rosero, A., Sierra, D., 2012. Analysis of curved folds and fault/fold terminations in the souther Upper Magdalena Valley of Colombia. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 39: 184-201.
López. O. A y Jaimes. E. L. (2015). Contribución al conocimiento geológico del sector Sureste de la Plancha 120-II-C, Valle Medio del Magdalena. Tesis de Grado, Universidad Industrial de Santander Mitra, S. (1992). Balanced structural interpretations in fold and thrust belts. En Mitra, S. Y Fisher, G. Structural geology of fold and thrust belt, Baltimore, USA, Johns Hopkins University, p: 53-77.
Mojica, J. y Franco, R. (1990): Estructura y Evoluci6n Tect6nica del Valle Medio y Superior del Magdalena.- Geología. Colombiana 17, pp.41-64, 14 Mora, A., M. Parra, M. R. Strecker, E. R. Sobel, G. Zeilinger, C. Jaramillo, S. Ferreira Da Silva, and M. Blanco (2010), The eastern foothills of the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia: An example of multiple factors controlling structural styles and active tectonics, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 122: 1846-1864, doi:10.1130/B30033.1.
Morales, L. G. (1958). General geology and oil occurrences of Middle Magdalena Valley, Colombia. In L. G. Weeks ed. A symposium conducted by A.A.P.G.: Habitat of Oil, p. 641-695.
Moreno, C. J., Horton, B. K., Caballero, V., Mora, A., M., Sierra, J. (2011). Depositional and provenance record of the Paleogene transition from foreland to hinterland basin evolution during Andean orogenesis, northern Middle Magdalena Valley Basin, Colombia. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 32: 246-263.
Moustafa, A., 2002. Controls on the geometry of transfer zones in the Suez rift and northwest Red Sea: Implications for the structural geometry of rift system. AAPG Bulletin, Vol. 86, No.6, pp. 979-1002.
Parra, M., A. Mora, C. López, L. E. Rojas, and B. K. Horton (2012), Detecting early shortening and deformation advance in thrust-belt hinterlands: Example from the Colombian Andes, Geology, 40: 175-178, doi:10.1130/G32519.1.
Pérez, G., Valencia, M. (1977). Evaluación geológica del Valle Medio del Magdalena.- Informe 588, Div. Explor. Depto. Geol., Ecopetrol, Bogotá.
Restrepo - Pace, P. A., F. Colmenares, C. Higuera, and M. Mayorga, (2004). A Fold and thrust belt along the western flank of the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia-Style, kinematics, and timing constraints derived from seismic data and detailed surface mapping, in K. R. McClay, ed., Thrust tectonics and hydrocarbon systems: AAPG Memoir 82, p. 598- 13.
Rolón, L., F. (2004). Structural Geometry of the Jura-Cretaceous Rift of the Middle Magdalena Valley Basin-Colombia. Department of Geology and Geography, Morgantown, WV.
Royero, J., Clavijo, J. (2001). Mapa Geológico Generalizado Departamento de Santander. Bogotá: Ingeominas.
Sarmiento-Rojas, L. F., J. D. Van Wess, and S. Cloetingh (2006), Mesozoic transtensional basin history of the Eastern Cordillera, Colombian Andes: Inferences from tectonic models, J. S. Am. Earth Sci., 21: 383-411, doi: 10.1016/j.jsames.2006.07.003.
Schamel, S., (1991). Middle and Upper Magdalena Basins, Colombia: Chapter 10. M 52: Active Margin Basins, p. 283-301.
Soto.R, Storti. F, Casas. A.M y C. Faccenna (2003). Influence of along- trike pre-orogenic sedimentary tapering on the internal architecture of experimental thrust wedges. Geological Magazine, 140 (3): 253-264.
Suppe J. (1983). Geometry and kinematic of fault-bend-folding. en Foster N.H. y Beaumont E.A. (eds.) Structural concepts and techniques I. Basic concepts, folding and structural techniques. AAPG publicación especial Nº 9. P. 422-461.
Taboada, A., Rivera, L. A., Fuenzalida, A., Cisternas, A., Philip, H., Bijwaard, H., Olaya, J., Rivera, C. (2000). Geodynamics of the northern Andes: subductions and intracontinental deformation (Colombia). Tectonics 19: 787-813.
Taborda, B. (1965). The geology of the de Mares Concession in Geological Field Trips, Colombia. 1958 -1978: Colombian Society of Petroleum Geologists and Geophysicists, p. 119-159.
Thomas, W. A., 1990. Control of locations of transverse zones in Thrust belts. Eclogae Helvetiae 83: 727-744.
Thomas. W., A., y Bayona, G., 2002. Palinspastic restoration of the Anniston transverse zone in the Appalachian Thrust Belt, Aabama. Journal of structural geology 24: 797-826.
Vauchez. A, Tommassi. A y G Barruol. (1998). Rheological heterogeneity, mechanical anisotropy and deformation of the continental lithosphere. Tectonophysics 296: 61-86.
Ward, D. E., Goldsmith R., Jimeno, A., Cruz, J., Restrepo, H., Gómez, E. (1973). Mapa Geológico de Colombia Cuadrángulo H-12, Bucaramanga. Panchas 109 Rionegro - 120 Bucaramanga, Cuadrángulo H-13, Pamplona. Planchas 110 Pamplona - 121 Cerrito. Escala 1: 100.000. Memoria explicativa. Colombia: Colombia Ministerio de Minas y Petróleos, Inst. Nal. Inv. Geológico – Mineras.
Ward, D. E., Goldsmith, R., Jimeno, A., Cruz, J., Restrepo, H., Gómez, E. (1977a). Geología de la Plancha 120, Bucaramanga. Ingeominas. Bogotá.
Ward, D. E., Goldsmith, R., Jimeno, A., Cruz J., Restrepo, H., Gómez E. (1977b). Mapa Geológico del Cuadrángulo H-12, Bucaramanga. Escala 1: Ingeominas.
Zafra, E. (2013). Cartografía geológica del Campo Colorado a escala 1: 25.000. Universidad Industrial de Santander. Bucaramanga.
Declaration of originality and transfer author's rights
The authors declare:
- The published data and reference materials have been duly identified with their respective credits and have been included in the bibliographic notes and citations that have been so identified and that should it be required, I have all releases and permissions from any copyrighted material.
- All material presented is free from any copyright and that I accept full legal responsibility for any legal claims relating to copyrighted intellectual property, fully exonerating from responsibility the Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales.
- This work is unpublished and will not be sent to any other journal while waiting for the editorial decision of this journal. I declare that there is no conflict of interest in this manuscript.
- In case of publication of this article, all author´s rights are transferred to the Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, and so cannot be reproduced in any form without the express permission of it.
- By means of this document, if the article is accepted for publication by the Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, the Revista assumes the right to edit and publish the articles in national and international indices or data bases for academic and scientific use in paper, electronic, CD-ROM, internet form either of the complete text or any other known form known or to be known and non-commercial, respecting the rights of the authors.
Transfer of author rights
In case the article is approved for publication, the main author in representation of himself and his co-authors or the main author and his co-authors must cede the author rights of the corresponding article to the Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, except in the following cases:
The authors and co-authors will retain the right to revise, adapt, prepare derived works, oral presentations, and distribution to some colleagues of reprints of their own published work, if the corresponding credit is given to the Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. It is also permissible to publish the title of the work, summary, tables, and figures of the work in the corresponding web sites of the authors or their employers, also giving credit to the Revista.
If the work has been realized under contract, the author’s employer has the right to revise, adapt, prepare derivative works, reproduce, or distribute in hard copy the published work, in a secure manner and for the exclusive use of his employees.
If the Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales were approached for permission by a third party for using, printing, or publishing specifically articles already published, the Revista must obtain the express permission of the author and co-authors of the work or of the employer except for use in classrooms, libraries, or reprinted in a collective work. The Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales reserves the possible use in its front cover of figures submitted with the manuscripts.
No other right, other than the author’s right, can be claimed by the Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales.