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The mega-biodiversity of the neotropics is tpe result of the geological and environmental history. A considerable biodiversity, higher than at present, existed in the Miocene in the low-elevation tropics. Toe progressive upheaval of the Andes created new life zones, that were populated by adaptive evolution and immigration from the Austral -Antarctic and Laurasiatic-Holartic regions. The cooling of the earth during the Neogene and the glacial - interglacial cycles of the Quatemary, and the consonant changes of temperature and rainfall, in combination with the topography, had a profound effect on vegetation, flora and fauna, the distribution of species and endemism, both in the low tropical area and in the Andean zones. Presently there is a positive relation of species-density with temperature (altitude) and with rainfall, and partly with relative humidity.
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References
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