How to Cite
Downloads
Métricas Alternativas
Dimensions
Abstract
A cladistic analysis of the subfamily Aristolochioideae (Aristolochiaceae) based on morphological characters is presented. The analysis includes 65 taxa within the ingroup, which represent all the tribes, subtribes, genera, and infrageneric taxa formally described within the subfamily Aristolochioideae sensu Schmidt. The analysis shows that Aristolochia s.l. is paraphyletic and that Euglypha and Holostylis are not different lineages from Aristolochia. Two of the three subgenera recognized within Aristolochia (Siphisia and Pararistolochia) are shown to be monophyletic. The third subgenus (Aristolochia) is paraphyletic. Most taxa at lower rank levels (sections, subsections, series, and subseries) are shown to be either polyphyletic or paraphyletic. The characters traditionally used for the recognition of these taxa are evaluated and new characters are introduced. Finally, a revised system of classification of the Aristolochioideae based on monophyletic groupings and consisting of two tribes, two subtribes, and five genera is proposed here.
Keywords
References
Adanson, M. 1763. Familles des plantes. Paris.
Ahumada, L. Z. 1967. Revisión de las Aristolochiaceae argentinas. Opera Lilloana 16: 1-148.
Baldacci, A. 1894. Affinità delle Aristolochiacee dei generi Aristolochia. Boll. Soc. Bot. Ital. 1894: 49-54.
Bartling, F. T. 1830. Ordines Naturales Plantarum, earumque characteres et affinitates adjecta generum enumeration. Gottingae.
Behnke, H. D. 1988. Sieve-element plastids, phloem protein, and evolution of flowering plants: III. Magnoliidae. Taxon 37: 699-732.
Behnke, H. D. . 1991. Distribution and evolution of forms and types of sieve-element plastids in the dicotyledons. Aliso 13: 167-182.
Bentham, G. & J. D. Hooker. 1880. Aristolochiaceae. Genera Plantarum 3: 121-125.
Bharathan, G. & E. Zimmer. 1995. Early branching events in monocotyledons: partial 18S ribosomal DNA sequence analysis. In P. J. Rudall et al. (eds.) Monocotyledons: systematics and evolution, 1: 81-107. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Blume, C. L. 1827. Enumeratio Plantarum Javae.
Bremer, K. 1988. The limits of amino-acid sequence data in angiosperm phylogenetic reconstruction. Evolution 42: 795-803.
Briggs, J. C. 1987. Biogeography and Plate Tectonics. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam.
Brown, R. 1821. An account of a new genus of plants named Rafflesia. Trans. Linn. Soc. London 13: 1-34, t. 15-22.
Carlquist, S. 1993. Wood and bark anatomy of Aristolochiaceae: systematic and habitat correlations. IAWA Bull. 14: 341-357.
Cheng, C. Y. & C. S. Yang. 1983. A synopsis of the Chinese species of Aristolochia (Aristolochiaceae). J. Arnold Arbor. 64: 565-597.
Cheng, C. Y. & C. S. Yang. 1988. Saruma & Asarum. Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae 24: 160-196.
Cocucci, A. E. 1983. New evidence from embryology in Angiosperm Classification. Nordic J. Bot. 3: 67-73.
Comer, E. J. H. 1976. The Seeds of Dicotyledons. Vols. 1-2. Cambridge Univ. Press.
Cronquist, A. 1981. An integrated system of classification of flowering plants. Columbia University Press, New York.
Dahlgren, R. T. M. 1983. General aspects of angiosperm evolution and macrosystematics. Nordic J. Bot. 3: 119-149.
Dahlgren, R. T. M. & K. Bremer. 1985. Major clades of the angiosperms. Cladistics 1: 349-368.
Dahlgren, R. T. M. & H. T. Clifford. 1982. The Monocotyledons: a comparative study. Academic Press.
Davis, P. H. & M. S. Khan. 1961. Aristolochia in the Near East. Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 23: 515-546.
Delpino, F. 1893. Applicazione di nuovi criteri per la classificazione delle piante. Quinta memoria. Mem. Reale Accad. Sci. Ist. Bologna, Ser. V, 240-244.
Dickison, W. C. 1992. Morphology and anatomy of the flower and pollen of Saruma henryi Oliv., a phylogenetic relict of the Aristolochiaceae. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 119: 392-400.
Donoghue, M. J. & J. A. Doyle. 1989. Phylogenetic analysis of angiosperms and the relationships of Hamamelidae. In P. R. Crane & S. Blackmore (eds.), Evolution, systematics, and fossil history of the Hamamelidae, 1: 17-45. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Duchartre, P. 1854a. Tentamen methodicae divisionis generis Aristolochia. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. ser. 4, 2: 29-76.
Duchartre, P. 1854b. Sur les prétendues stipules des Aristoloches. Bull. Soc. Bot. France 1: 56-60.
Duchartre, P. 1864. Aristolochiaceae. In A. DC. Prodromus 15(1): 421-498.
Dumortier, B. C. 1822. Commentationes Botanicae. Observations botaniques. Tournay.
Endress, P. K. 1990. Evolution of reproductive structures and functions in primitive angiosperms (Magnoliidae). Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 55: 5-34.
Endress, P. K. 1994. Diversity and evolutionary biology of tropical flowers. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Erbar, C. & P. Leins. 1994. Flowers in Magnoliidae and the origin of flowers in other subclasses of the Angiosperms. I. The relationships between flowers of Magnoliidae and Alismatidae. Pl. Syst. Evol. Suppl. 8: 193-208.
Fiorini, G. 1987. Numero cromosomico di una Aristolochia raccolta in territorio jugoslavo. Inform. Bot. Ital. 19: 265-266.
Franchet, M. A. 1882. Aristolochieae. Sertulum Somalense. Paris.
Goloboff, P. 1993. NONA, version 1.6. Program and documentation. Distributed by the author, Buenos Aires.
González, F. 1990. Aristolochiaceae. Flora de Colombia. Monografía No. 12. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá.
González, F. 1991. Notes on the Systematics of Aristolochia subsect. Hexandrae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 78: 497-503.
González, F. 1997. Hacia una filogenia de Aristolochia y sus congéneres neotropicales. Caldasia 19: 93-108.
González, F. 1999a. A phylogenetic analysis of the Aristolochioideae (Aristolochiaceae). Ph.D. Dissertation. The City University of New York.
González, F. 1999b. Inflorescence morphology and the systematics of Aristolochiaceae. Syst. Geogr. Pl. 68: 159-172.
González, F. 1999c. Un nuevo nombre para Holostylis reniformis (Aristolochiaceae). Revista Acad. Colomb. Ci. Exact. 23 (88): 337-339.
González, F. & D. W. Stevenson. 2000a. Perianth development and systematics of Aristolochia. Flora 195: 370-391.
González, F. 2000b. Gynostemium development in Aristolochia (Aristolochiaceae). Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 122: 249-291.
Gregory, M. P. 1956. A phyletic rearrangement in the Aristolochiaceae. Amer. J. Bot. 43: 110-122.
Hennig, S., W. Barthlott, L. Meusel & J. Theisen. 1994. Mikromorphologie der Epicuticularwachse und die Systematik der Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae und Hamamelididae. Trop. Subtrop. Pflanzenwelt 90: 1-60.
Hoehne, F. C. 1942. Aristolochiaceas. Flora Brasílica 15(2): 3-141, t. 1-123.
Hou, D. 1981. Florae Malesiana Praecursores LXII. On the genus Thottea (Aristolochiaceae). Blumea 27: 301-332.
Hou, D. 1981.1984. Aristolochiaceae. Flora Malesiana Series 10, 1: 53-108.
Huber, H. 1977. The treatment of the monocotyledons in an evolutionary system of classification. Pl. Syst. Evol. Suppl. 1: 285-298.
Huber, H. 1985. Samenmerkmale und Gliederung der Aristolochiaceen. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 107: 277-320.
Huber, H. 1993. Aristolochiaceae. In: K. Kubitzki (ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants, 2: 129-137.
Hutchinson, J. 1969. Evolution and phylogeny of flowering plants. London, Academic Press.
Hutchinson, J. & J. M. Dalziel. 1927. Aristolochiaceae. Fl. West Tropical Africa, 1st edition, pp. 75-78.
Hwang, S.-M. 1988. Thottea and Aristolochia. Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae 24: 196-245.
Jussieu, A. L. de. 1789. Aristolochiae. Gen. Pl. 74-75. Paris.
Kelly, L. 1997. A cladistic analysis of Asarum (Aristolochiaceae) and implications for the evolution of herkogamy. Amer. J. Bot. 84: 1752-1765.
Kelly, L. 1998. Phylogenetic relationships in Asarum (Aristolochiaceae) based on morphology and ITS sequences. Amer. J. Bot. 85: 1454-1467.
Klotzsch, F. 1859. Die Aristolochiaceae des Berliner Herbariums. Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 571-625.
Kolakovsky, A. A. 1957. Pervoe dopolnenie k kodorskoj flore (Meore Atara) (in Russian). Trudy Suhumsk. Bol. Sada. 10.
Kolakovsky, A. A. 1964. Pliocene novaia flora Pitsundi. Trudy Suhurns k. Bol. Sada. 14. (in Russian).
Kratzer, J. 1918. Die verwandtschaftlichen Beziehungen der Cucurbitaceen auf Grund ihrer Samenentwicklung. Flora 110: 275-343.
Kubitzki, K. 1993. (ed.) The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol. 2. Springer Verlag.
Kulkarni, A. R. & K. S. Patil. 1977. Aristolochioxylon prakashii from the Deccan intertrappean Beds of Warda District, Maharashtra. Geophytol. 7: 44-49.
Lammers, T. G., T. F. Stuessy & M. O. Silva. 1986. Systematic relationships of the Lactoridaceae: An endemic family of the Juan Fernandez Islands, Chile. Pl. Syst. Evol. 152: 3-4.
Leins, P. & C. Erbar. 1985. Ein Beitrag zur Blütenentwicklung der Aristolochiaceen, einer Vermittlergruppe zu den Monokotylen. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 107: 343-368.
Leins, P. & C. Erbar. 1995. Das frühe Differenzierungsmuster in den Blüten von Saruma henryi Oliv. (Aristolochiaceae). Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 117: 365-376.
Leins, P. & C. Erbar. & W. A. van Heel. 1988. Note on the floral development of Thottea (Aristolochiaceae). Blumea 33: 357-370.
Lindley, J. 1831. Introduction to the Natural System of Botany. New York, G. C. & H. Carville.
Lindley, J. 1853. The Vegetable Kingdom. Third edition. London, Bradbury & Evans.
Loconte, H. & D. W. Stevenson. 1991. Cladistics of the Magnoliidae. Cladistics 7: 267-296.
Ma, J. S. 1989. A revision of Aristolochia Linn. from E. & S. Asia. Acta Phytotax. Sin. 27: 321-364.
Ma, J. S. 1990. The geographical distribution and the system of Aristolochiaceae. Acta Phytotax. Sin. 28: 345-355.
Ma, J. S. 1992. A taxonomic revision on genus Aristolochia subgenus Pararistolochia. Acta Phytotax. Sin. 30: 508-514.
MacGinitie, H. D. 1953. Fossil plants of the Florissant Beds, Colorado. Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 599: 1-197.
MacGinitie, H. D. 1969. The Eocene Green River flora of northwestern Colorado and northeastern Utah. Univ. Calif. Publ. Geo. Sci. 83: 1-140.
MacGinitie, H. D. 1974. An early middle Eocene flora from the Yellowstone Absaroka Volcanic province, northwestern Wind River Basin, Wyoming. Univ. Calif. Publ. Geo. Sci. 108: 1-103.
Masters, M. T. 1875. Aristolochiaceae. In: C.F.P. von Martius (ed.), Fl. Brasiliensis 4(2): 77-114, t. 17-26.
Mohana Rao, P. R. 1989. Seed and fruit anatomy in Aristolochia and Asarum with a discussion on the affinities of Aristolochiaceae. J. Swamy Bot. Cl. 6: 105-119.
Morawetz, W. 1985. Beiträge zur Karyologie und Systematik der Gattung Thottea (Aristolochiaceae). Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 107: 329-342.
Murata, J., H. Murala & T. Sugawara. 1999. Molecular phylogeny of Aristolochia. Abstracts XVI Intl. Botanical Congress, St. Louis, Missouri, p. 707.
Nakai, T. 1936. Aristolochiaceae. Flora Sylvatica Koreana 21: 1-28, t. 1.
Nandi, O. L., M. W. Chase & P. K. Endress. 1998. A combined cladistic analysis of the angiosperms using rbcL and nonmolecular data sets. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85: 137-212.
Nardi, E. 1984. The genus Aristolochia L. (Aristolochiaceae) in Italy. Webbia 38: 221-300.
Nardi, E. 1991. The genus Aristolochia L. (Aristolochiaceae) in Greece. Webbia 45: 31-69.
Nienhuis, C., T. Borsch & K. W. Hilu. 1999. Phylogenetic relationships within Aristolochiaceae based on trnT-trnF sequences. Abstracts XVI International Botanical Congress, St. Louis, Missouri, p. 351.
Nixon, K. 2001. Winclada version 0.9.99.m24. Program and documentation. Published by the author. Ithaca, New York.
Parsons, M. J. 1996. New species of Aristolochia and Pararistolochia (Aristolochiaceae) from Australia and New Guinea. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 120: 199-238.
Periasamy, K. 1966. Studies on seeds with ruminate endosperm. VI. Rumination in the Araliaceae, Aristolochiaceae, Caprifoliaceae and Ebenaceae. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. 64, sect. B: 1966.
Pfeifer, H. W. 1966. Revision of the North and Central American hexandrous species of Aristolochia (Aristolochiaceae). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 53: 115-196.
Pfeifer, H. W. 1970. A taxonomic revision of the pentandrous species of Aristolochia. Univ. Connecticut Publ. Series, 134 pp.
Phuphathanapong, L. 1987. Aristolochiaceae. In: T. Smitinand & K. Larsen (eds.), Flora of Thailand 5(1): 1-31.
Poncy, O. 1978. Le genre Pararistolochia, Aristolochiaceae d'Afrique tropicale. Adansonia, ser. 2, 17: 465-494.
Qiu, Y. L., J. Lee, F. Bernasconi-Quadroni, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis, M. Zanis, E. A. Zimmer, Z. Chen, V. Savolainen & M. W. Chase. 1999. The earliest angiosperms: evidence from mitochondrial, plastid and nuclear genomes. Nature 402: 404-407.
Rafinesque, C. S. 1828. Medicinal Flora 1: 61-65.
Rafinesque, C. S. 1836. Flora Telluriana, Centur. I-XII. pp. 97-99.
Raven, P. H. & D. I. Axelrod. 1974. Angiosperm biogeography and past continental movement. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 61: 539-673.
Schmidt, O. C. 1935. Aristolochiaceae. Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien. Ed. 2, 16b: 204-242.
Sharma, A. K. & B. Varma. 1959. The somatic chromosomes of five species of Aristolochia. Phyton (Argentina) 12: 101-108.
Simpson, B. B. & J. L. Neff. 1985. Plants, their pollinating bees, and the great American interchange. Pp. 427-452 In: F. G. Stehli & S. D. Webb (eds.), The Great American Interchange. Plenum Press, New York.
Solereder, H. 1889a. Beiträge zur vergleichenden Anatomie der Aristolochiaceen. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 10: 410-524.
Solereder, H. 1889b. Aristolochiaceae. Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, pp. 264-273.
Soltis, D., P. S. Soltis, D. L. Nickrent, L. A. Johnson, W. H. Hahn, S. B. Hoot, J. A. Sweere, R. K. Kuzoff, K. A. Kron, M. W. Chase, S. M. Swensen, E. A. Zimmer, S.-M. Chaw, L. J. Gillespie, W. J. Kress & K. J. Sytsma. 1997. Angiosperm phylogeny inferred from 18S ribosomal DNA sequences. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 84: 1-49.
Stevenson, D. W. & H. Loconte. 1995. Cladistic analysis of monocot families. In: P. J. Rudall et al. (eds.), Monocotyledons: systematics and evolution, 2: 543-578. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Sugawara, T. & J. Murata. 1992. Chromosome numbers of eight species of Aristolochia (Aristolochiaceae) from East Asia. Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 43: 27-30.
Suessenguth, K. 1921. Beiträge zur Frage des systematischen Anschlusses der Monocotylen. Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 38: 1-79.
Takhtajan, A. L. 1996. Diversity and classification of flowering plants. Columbia University Press, 643 pp.
Tobe, H., T. F. Stuessy, P. H. Raven & K. Oginuma. 1993. Embryology and karyomorphology of Lactoridaceae. Amer. J. Bot. 80: 933-946.
Tucker, S. & A. W. Douglas. 1996. Floral structure, development, and relationships of paleoherbs: Saruma, Cabomba, Lactoris, and selected Piperales. Pp. 141-175 In: D. W. Taylor & L. J. Hickey (eds.), Flowering plant origin, evolution and phylogeny. New York, Chapman & Hall.
Van Tieghem, P. 1900. Sur le genre Hocquartia. J. Bot. (Morot) 14: 65-68.
Weintraub, J. D. 1995. Host plant association patterns and phylogeny in the tribe Troidini (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Pp. 307-316 In: J. M. Scriber, Y. Tsubaki & R. C. Lederhouse (eds.), Swallowtail butterflies: their ecology and evolutionary biology. Scientific Publishers, Inc.
Wen, J. 1999. Evolution of Eastern Asian and Eastern North American disjunct distributions in flowering plants. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 30: 421-455.
Wyatt, R. 1955. Floral morphology and phylogeny of the Aristolochiaceae. Ph.D. thesis, University of North Carolina.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.