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In the Neotropics marine and continental paleoclimatic records suggest the occurrence of conditions related to the Medieval Warm Period (MWP, ~800-1300 AD) and the Little Ice Age (LIA, ~1300-1800 AD). However, the lack of synchronicity in the paleoclimatic events between some records (e.g. coastal and Andean), reflect variable geographical responses to climate change. Herein we discuss: (1) the complex climate factors that modulate the tropical climate, (2) the diversity of the paleoclimate response, (3) the bias introduced by the scarce number of paleoclimate records in the Neotropics, (4) the limitations introduced by the current dating techniques and, (5) the impacts of the MWP and LIA at regional and global scales. Finally we suggest areas for future studies
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