Cómo citar
Descargas
Métricas Alternativas
Dimensions
Resumen
El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la contaminación electromagnética de radiofrecuencia (RF) y campo magnético (CM) durante un año registrando su intensidad cerca de escuelas, hospitales, locales comerciales y viviendas en una zona comercial y en otra residencial de Xochimilco, Ciudad de México. La RF y el CM se midieron utilizando un medidor EXTECH® EMF450. Los valores obtenidos de radiación no ionizante (RNI) en el medio ambiente se compararon con aquellos que, según algunos autores, afectan los sistemas biológicos tanto en humanos como en animales. Asimismo, se compararon los valores con los límites establecidos a nivel nacional e internacional. Los valores promedio más altos de CM y de RF en la zona comercial fueron de 6.38 μT y de 1316 μW/m2, respectivamente, en tanto que en el área residencial fueron de 5.08 μT y 66 μW/m2. Los valores registrados estuvieron por debajo de los límites permisibles a nivel nacional e internacional, sin embargo, se encontraron por encima del umbral que, según reportes de algunos autores, podría
desencadenar efectos adversos en la salud, aunque estaban dentro de los límites establecidos por la
International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). Es necesario investigar
más al respecto, ya que aún no hay nada concluyente sobre este tipo de radiación y sus efectos.
Palabras clave
Citas
Balmori, A. (2006). Efectos de las radiaciones electromagnéticas de la telefonía móvil sobre los insectos. Ecosistemas, 1(1), 1-11.
Balmori, A. (2009). Electromagnetic pollution from phone masts. Effects on wildlife. Pathophysiology, 16(2009), 191-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pathophys.2009.01.007
Balmori, A. (2010). Mobile phone mast effects on common frog (Rana temporaria) tadpoles: The city turned into a laboratory. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 29, 31-35. https://doi.org/10.3109/15368371003685363
Bandara, P. (2016). Mobile phone use and the brain cancer incidence rate in Australia. Cancer Epidemiology, 44, 110-111.
Bandara, P., Carpenter, D. O. (2018). Planetary electromagnetic pollution: it is time to assess its impact. The Lancet Planetary Health, 2(12). https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(18)30221-3
Bayat, M., Hemati, S., Solemani-Estyar, R., Shahin-Jafari, A. (2017). Effect of long-term exposure of mice to 900 MHz GSM radiation on experimental cutaneous candidiasis. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 24, 907-914 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.12.005
Bortkiewicz, A., Gadzicka, E., Szyjkowska, A., Politański, P., Mamrot, P., Szymczak, W., Zmyślony, M. (2012). Subjective complaints of people living near mobile phone base stations in Poland. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 25,
-40. https://doi.org/10.2478/s13382-012-0007-9
Buchner, K., Eger, H. (2011). Changes of clinically important neurotransmitters under the influence of modulated RF fields - A long term study under real-life conditions. Umwelt Medizin Gesellshaft, 24(1), 44-57.
Buckus, R., Strukčinskienė, B., Raistenskis, J., Stukas, R., Šidlauskienė, A., Čerkauskienė, R., Isopescu, D, N., Stabryla, J., Cretescu, I. (2017). A technical approach to the evaluation of radiofrequency radiation emissions from mobile telephony base stations. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(244), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14030244
Cobzaru, A. (2015). Electropollution in our urban environment. Urbanism. Arhitectură Construcţii,6(2), 51-64.
Chauhan, P., Verma, H. N., Sisodia, R., Kesari, K. K. (2017). Microwave radiation (2.45 GHz)-induced oxidative stress: Whole-body exposure effect on histopathology of Wistar rats. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine. https://doi.org/10.310915368378.2016.1144063
Da Silva, D. F. d., Barros, W. R., Almeida, M. d. C. C. d., Rêgo, M. A. V. (2015). Exposição a radiações eletromagnéticas não ionizantes da telefonia celular e sintomas psiquiátricos. Cadernos de Saúde Pública. 31(10), 2110-2126. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00104114
Dhami, A.K. (2012). Study of electromagnetic radiation pollution in an Indian city. Environmental Monitoring Assess. 184, 6507-6512. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-011-2436-5
Dinno, A. (2017). Dunn’s test of multiple comparisons using rank sums (Version 1.3.5). R package. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/dunn.test/index.html
Dode, A.C., Leão, M.M.D., Tejo, F.A.F., Gomes, A.C.R., Dode, D.C., Dode, M.C., Caiaffa, W.T. (2011). Mortality by neoplasia and cellular telephone base stations in the Belo Horizonte municipality, Minas Gerias state, Brazil. Science of the Total Environment, 409(19), 3649-3695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.05.051
Djuric, N., Prsa, M., Kasas-Lazetic, K. (2011). Information network for continuous electromagnetic fields monitoring. International Journal of Emerging Science and Engineering, 1(4), 516-525.
Dömötör, Z., Ruzsa, G., Thuróczy, G., Necz, P. P., Nordin, S., Köteles, F., & Szemerszky, R. (2022). An idiographic approach to Idiopathic Environmental Intolerance attributed to Electromagnetic Fields (IEI-EMF) Part II. Ecological momentary assessment of three individuals with severe IEI-EMF. Heliyon, 8(5), e09421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09421
Dömötör, Z., Szabolcs, Z., Bérdi, M., Witthöft, M., Köteles, F., Szemerszky, R. (2022). An idiographic approach to idiopathic environmental intolerance attributed to electromagnetic fields (IEI-EMF) part I. Environmental, psychosocial and clinical assessment of three individuals with severe IEI-EMF. Heliyon, 8(7), e09987. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09987
Dyche, J., Anch, A.M., Fogler, K.A.J., Barnett, D.W., Thomas, C. (2012). Effects of power frequency electromagnetic fields on melatonin and sleep in the rat. Emerging Health Threats, 5(10904), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3402/ehtj.v5i0.10904
Eger, H., Jahn, M. (2009). Specific health symptoms and cell phone radiation in Selbitz (Bavaria, Germany)-Evidence of a dose-response relationship. Umwelt medizin gesellshaft, 23(2), 1-20.
Farell, C.A. (1993). Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-013-STPS-1993, relativa a las condiciones de seguridad e higiene en los centros de trabajo donde se generan radiaciones electromagnéticas no ionizantes. 1-17. https://dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=4809618&fecha=06/12/1993#gsc.tab=0
Ferris, T.J., Ortega, G.J.A., Soldin, O.P., Navarro, C.E.A., Garcia, C.J., Fuster, S.J.L. (2010). Efectos en la salud pediátrica de la radiación electromagnética de frecuencias extremadamente bajas. Revista Española de Pediatría, 66(3), 151-161.
Forgács, Z., Somosy, Z., BKubinyi, G., Bakos, J., Hudák, A., Surján, A., & Thuróczy, G. (2006). Effect of whole-body 1800 MHz GSM-like microweave exposure on testicular steroidogenesis and histology in mice. Reproductive Toxicology, 22(1), 111-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2005.12.003
Gotsis, A., Papanikolaou, N., Komnakos, D., Yalofas, A., Constantinou, P. (2008). Non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation monitorin in Greece. Annales of Telecommunications, 63(1), 109-123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12243-007-0006-1
Hardell, L. (2017). World Health Organization, radiofrequency radiation and health - a hard nut to crack (Review). International Journal of Oncology, 51, 405-413. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2017.4046
Hardell, L., Koppel, T., Carlberg, M., Ahonen, M., Hadendahl, L. (2016). Radiofrequency radiation at Stockholm Central Railway Station in Sweden and some medical aspects on public exposure to RF fields. International Journal of Oncology, 49(4), 1315-1324. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2016.3657
Hinrikus, H., Lass, J., Bechmann, M. (2021). Threshold of radiofrequency electromagnetic field effect on human brain. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 97(11), 1505-1515. https://doi.org/10.1080/09553002.2021.1969055
IARC. (2002). Non-Ionizing Radiation, Part 1: Static and Extremely Low-frequency (ELF) Electric and Magnetic Fields (Vol. 80). Lyon, France: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer.
IARC. (2011). Non-Ionizing Radiation, Part 2: Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields (Vol. 102). Lyon, France: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer.
Jalilian, H., Eeftens, M., Ziaei, M., Röösli, M. (2019). Public exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields in everyday microenvironments: An updated systematic review for Europe. Environmental Research, 176, 108517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.05.048
Kim, J.H., Lee, J.-K., Kim, H.-G., Kim, K.-B., Kim, H.R. (2019). Possible Effects of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure on Central Nerve System. Biomolecules & Therapeutics, 27(3), 265-275. https://doi.org/10.4062/biomolther.2018.152
Kelfkens, G., Pruppers, M. (2017). Magnetic fields and childhood leukemia; science and policy in the Netherlands. European Medical and Biological Engineering Conference & Nordic-Baltic Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics, Pp. 498-501. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-10-5122-7_125#citeas
Khurana, V. G., Hardell, L., Everaert, J., Bortkiewicz, A., Carlberg, M., Ahonen, M. (2010). Epidemiological evidence for a health risk from mobile phone base stations. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, 16(3), 263-267. http://doi.org/10.1179/107735210799160192
Kostoff, R. N., Heroux, P., Aschner, M., Tsatsakis, A. (2020). Adverse health effects of 5G mobile networking thecnology under real-life conditions. Toxicology Letters, 323, 35-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.01.020
Lebedeva, N. N., Sulimov, A. V., Sulimova, O. P., Kotrovskaya, T. I., Gailus, T. (2000). Cellular phone electromagnetic fields effects on bioelectric activity of human brain. Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering, 28(1-2), 323-337.
Ley General del Equilibrio Ecológico y la Protección al Ambiente. (2012). Gaceta Ecológica, 54, 1-114. http://biblioteca.semarnat.gob.mx janium/Documentos/Ciga/agenda/DOFsr/148.pdf
Marinescu, I. E., Poparlan, C. (2016). Assessment of GSM HF-radiation impact levels within the residential area of Craiova city. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 32(2016), 177-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2016.03.022
Mohler, E., Frei, P., Braun-Fahrländer, C., Fröhlich, J., Neubauer, G., Röösli, M. (2010). Effects of everyday radiofrequency electromagnetic-field exposure on sleep quality: a cross-sectional study. Radiation Research, 174(3), 347-356. https://doi.org/10.1667/RR2153.1
Mortazavi, S.M.J., Rahimi, S., Talebi, A; Soleimani, A; Rafati, A. (2015). Survey of the effects of exposure to 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation emitted by a GSM mobile phone on the pattern of muscle contractions in an animal model. Journal of Biomedical Physics & Engineering, 5(3), 121-132.
Paulraj, R., Behari, J. (2006). Single strand DNA braks in rat brain cells exposed to microweave radiation. Mutation Research, 596(1-2), 76-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2005.12.006
Persson, B.R.R., Salford, L.G., Brun, A. (1997). Blood-brain barrier permeability in rats exposed to electromagnetic fields used in wireless communication. Wireless Networks, 3(6), 455-461. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1019150510840
R Development Core Team. (2014). R: A language and environtment for statistical computing (Version 3.4.3). Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for statistical computing. https://www.rproject.org/
Richter, E., Berman, T., Ben-Michael, E., Laster, R., Westin, J.B. (2000). Cancer in radar technicians exposed to radiofrequency/microwave radiation: sentinel episodes. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, 6(3), 187-193. https://doi.org/10.1179/
oeh.2000.6.3.187
Röösli, M., Dongus, S., Jalilian, H., Feychting, M., Eyers, J., Esu, E., Oringanje, C. M., Meremikwu, M., Bosch-Capblanch, X. (2021). The effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields exposure on tinnitus, migraine and non-specific symptoms in the general and working population: A protocol for a systematic review on human observational studies. Environment International, 157, 106852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.106852
Rubin, G.J., Nieto-Hernández, R., Wessely, S. (2010). Idiopathic environmental intolerance attributed to electromagnetic fields (formerly ’electromagnetic hypersensitivity’): An updated systematic review of provocation studies. Bioelectromagnetics, 31(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.20536
Salford, L.G., Brun, A.E., Eberhardt, J.L., Malmgren, L., Persson, B. R. (2003). Nerve cell damage in mammalian brain after exposure to microwaves from GSM mobile phones. Environmental Health Perspectives, 111(7), 881-883. doi: 10.1289/ehp.6039
Thomas, S., Heinrich, S., von Kries, R., Radon, K. (2010). Exposure to radio-frequency electromagnetic fields and behavioral problems in Bavarian children and adolescents. European Journal of Epidemiology, 25(2), 135-141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-009-9408-x
Tlacuilo-Parra, A., Garibaldi-Covarrubias, R., Romo-Rubio, H., Soto-Sumuano, L., Ruiz- Chávez, C. F., Suárez-Arredondo, M., Sánchez-Zubieta, F., Gallegos-Castorena, S. (2017). Geographical distribution and cluster detection of childhood leukemia in the metropolitan area of Guadalajara, Mexico. Revista de Investigación Clínica, 69(2017), 159-165.
Vian, A., Davies, E., Genraud, M., Bonnet, P. (2016). Plant responses to high frequency electromagnetic fields. BioMed Research International, 2016, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/1830262
Velizarov, S., Raskmark, P., Kwee, S. (1999). The effects of radiofrequency fields on cell proliferation are non-thermal. Bioelectrochem Bioenerg, 48(1), 177-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0302-4598(98)00238-4
Wigle, J. (2010). The “Xochimilco model” for managing irregular settlements in conservation land in Mexico City. Cities, 27(5), 337-347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2010.04.003
Yorgancilar, E., Dasdag, S., Akdag, M. Z., Akkus, Z., Akdag, M., Topcu, I. (2017). Does allday and long-term exposure to radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi affect hearing? Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment, 31(6), 1204-1209. https://doi.org/10.1080/13
2017.1373033
Zazouli, N. A., Monazzam, M. R., Yazdani, C. J., Hosseinzadeh, F. (2013). Evaluation of extremely low-frequency magnetic field (ELF) at Tehran City. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 22(2), 146-151.
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Derechos de autor 2023 Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales