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Las plazas de mercado ubicadas en centros urbanos generan residuos agrícolas que pueden aprovecharse como sustratos de bajo costo para la producción de enzimas microbianas. El objetivo de este estudio fue la evaluación fisicoquímica y microbiológica de residuos orgánicos generados en plazas de mercado para la producción de enzimas bacterianas. Los residuos se recolectaron en una plaza de mercado de Bogotá, se clasificaron en seis tipos diferentes etiquetados como R1 a R6, y se cuantificó su contenido de humedad, nitrógeno, proteínas, carbono orgánico total, azúcares reductores, grasas y aceites, almidón, pectina, hemicelulosa, lignina y celulosa. En el análisis microbiológico se determinó la presencia de bacterias proteolíticas, lipolíticas, amilolíticas, celulolíticas y ligninolíticas. Se aislaron 133 morfotipos, de los cuales 55 presentaron actividad enzimática: se seleccionaron 17 cepas ligninolíticas, 14 proteolíticas, 11 celulolíticas, nueve lipolíticas y cuatro amilolíticas. Los residuos de tubérculos presentaron el mayor contenido de almidón (41,9 ± 1,18 %). Los ameros, vainas de leguminosas y residuos de verduras presentaron un porcentaje de celulosa entre 33,78 ± 0,91 % y 35,29 ± 0,77 %. Los residuos de plantas ornamentales y aromáticas mostraron mayor contenido de lignina (18,91 ± 0,50 % y 26,43 ± 0,47 %) y el de pectina fue más alto en los residuos de frutas (12,95 ± 0,30 %). Los residuos agrícolas generados en plazas de mercado son una fuente de microorganismos productores de enzimas y pueden valorizarse como sustratos para la obtención de amilasas, celulasas y ligninasas debido a su contenido de almidón, celulosa y lignina.
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