Resumen
El paso de los vertebrados de la vida acuática a la terrestre, ocurrido hace 400 millones de años durante el Devoniano, es uno de los eventos más importantes de la evolución animal. Los peces pulmonados, o dipnoos, son los peces vivos más cercanos a los tetrápodos terrestres y su estudio es fundamental para entender la terrestrialización y posterior radiación de los vertebrados a los múltiples ecosistemas terrestres. Estos peces poseen los genomas animales más grandes conocidos hasta ahora, con genes necesarios tanto para la vida acuática como para la terrestre. Los peces pulmonados de África (Protopterus sp.) y Suramérica (Lepidosiren paradoxa) tienen la capacidad de estivar en las temporadas de sequía y entrar en un estado de sopor en el que disminuyen muchas de sus actividades metabólicas y respiran aire. Durante la estivación están expuestos a múltiples microrganismos presentes en el lodo circundante, pero en el caso de los Protopterus sp., exhiben un capullo que actúa como una barrera inmunológica en la que se localizan granulocitos que desarrollan las trampas extracelulares de neutrófilos (NETs), donde quedan atrapados los microrganismos que son controlados por los múltiples compuestos antimicrobianos presentes en el capullo.
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