Resumen
La formación de una capa superficial deficiente en cobre es una característica común en las películas delgadas de CuInSe₂, especialmente en procesos de deposición que implican múltiples etapas, como el tratamiento térmico y la pos-selenización. Estudiamos aquí la deposición de películas delgadas de CuInSe₂ mediante pulverización catódica por magnetrón de radiofrecuencia a partir de un blanco monofásico, variando la temperatura del sustrato entre 50 y 400 °C. La espectroscopía de fotoelectrones de rayos X (XPS) confirmó la presencia persistente de una capa superficial pobre en Cu en todas las temperaturas de deposición. Las películas depositadas por debajo de 200 °C resultaron amorfas y con deficiencia de cobre, mientras que a 200 °C y temperaturas superiores las películas mostraron una transición hacia una estructura policristalina tipo calcopirita, como lo evidenció la difracción de rayos X (XRD). Los tamaños de cristalito para las películas policristalinas depositadas a 200 °C y 400 °C fueron de aproximadamente 10–12 nm. El análisis mediante espectroscopía de dispersión de energía de rayos X (EDS) reveló una disminución progresiva en el contenido de cobre, de ~20 % at. entre los 50 °C y los 200 °C a ~16 % at. a los 400 °C, en tanto que el contenido de indio se mantuvo casi constante y el de selenio aumentó ligeramente de 50 % at. a 56 % at. con el incremento de la temperatura. La espectroscopía UV-Vis mostró que el valor de la banda prohibida óptica (Eg) disminuyó de 1,2 eV a 50 °C y 1,15 eV a 100 °C hasta aproximadamente 0,95–0,94 eV a 200 °C y 400 °C. Los resultados aportan información relevante sobre el papel de la temperatura del sustrato en la deposición de películas delgadas de CuInSe₂, lo que contribuye a los esfuerzos actuales por mejorar su desempeño en aplicaciones fotovoltaicas y optoelectrónicas.
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