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El origen y desarrollo de los bosques bajos neotropicales es aún un misterio. Hoy en dia son dominados por angiospermas, las cuales aparecen a principios del Cretácico (~140 Ma). Durante el Cretácico, sin embargo, los bosques tropicales eran dominados por gimnospermas y helechos, no eran multiestratificados, y poseían un bajo potencial fotosintético. La caida de un meteorito hace 65 Ma, transformó las comunidades vegetales neotropicales. Los bosques que se desarrollaron después del evento del meteorito eran multiestratificados, con un dosel dominado por angiospermas y alto potencial fotosintético. El clima tropical ha variado con calentamientos y enfriamientos pronunciados durante los últimos 60 Ma. La diversidad del bosque ha aumentado con los calentamientos, y se ha reducido con los enfriamientos. En los últimos 10 Ma se ha producido la fuerte expansión las sabanas. El registro fósil sugiere que las plantas modernas ya poseen la variabilidad genética necesaria para responder a incrementos de temperatura y CO2 en el ambiente.
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