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La información es un ente físico. Los sistemas físicos registran y procesan información. El reconocimiento de estos hechos desde el punto de vista de la teoría de información y su relación directa con la aplicación a nuevas tecnologías cuánticas ha sido crucial en el desarrollo reciente de la física tanto básica como aplicada, al mismo tiempo que de otras áreas tales como ciencias de la computación, matemáticas e ingenierías, donde el reto de construir dispositivos que permitan el procesamiento de la información a nivel cuántico es objetivo primordial. En los trabajos de Deutsch (Deutsch, 1985) y Shor (Shor, 1994), la noción de bit clásico de la teoría de información fue conceptualmente extendida a un marco físico radicalmente diferente con la traducción del bit cuántico, donde fue demostrado que los efectos de interferencia cuántica de muchas partículas pueden permitir una forma nueva y fundamental de cómputo, donde es posible la ejecución de tareas computacionales irresolubles tales como la factorización de números primos muy grandes o la simulación exacta de sistemas cuánticos multipartitos. Así, la investigación en física de la información y cómputo cuántico se ha convertido en un foco de desarrollo básico de la fenomenología cuántica, análisis y revisión del cual se presenta en este trabajo.
Empecemos con la definición formal de qubit, registrador cuántico, desde la perspectiva de un modelo de computación de red cuántica. A partir de este, se enfatiza la versatilidad de la representación de circuito cuántico para intrincar y destrincar estados cuánticos. De aquí se introduce el “teorema de la no clonación” y sus aplicaciones en criptografía cuántica. Se describen dos alternativas de formulación ‘tradicional´ o usual de cómputo cuántico: i) computación cuántica geométrica, y ii) computación cuántica unidireccional. Se realiza la caracterización y cuantificación de intrincamiento cuántico, en particular de sus usos como recurso físico en protocolos de comunicación cuántica tales como teleportación, criptografía, codificación superdensa, y compresión de datos. Se introduce el concepto de paralelismo cuántico de Deutschy se analiza su aplicación a la resolución eficiente de tareas algorítmicas irresolubles clásicamente. La decoherencia cuántica se introduce como proceso inherente y central en el procesamiento de la información cuántica. Se plantean mecanismos para corregirla o evitarla, en particular, se analiza en detalle el proceso de corrección de errores cuánticos. Finalmente, se describen algunas de las implementaciones físicas de cómputo y comunicación cuántica, y de la forma como un qubit puede ser representado físicamente en una gran variedad de nanosistemas.
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