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En los peces, al igual que en los mamíferos, se ha visto una íntima comunicación entre los sistemas nervioso, endocrino e inmune. Esta comunicación bi-direccional es posible gracias a que las señales moleculares sintetizadas por células y tejidos de los tres sistemas son similares y en algún caso idénticas. Esta estrecha interrelación es fundamental, entre otras cosas, para hacer frente de manera coordinada y eficaz a las situaciones de estrés. El estrés se puede definir como cualquier situación que somete al organismo a unas condiciones fuera del rango fisiológico estable o normal (enfermedades, cambios extremos en las condiciones medio ambientales, etc.). El conjunto de cambios en los tres sistemas orgánicos que genera la situación de estrés como respuesta a dicha situación se conoce genéricamente como síndrome de adaptación general (SAG). Las situaciones de estrés en los peces y los mamíferos guardan gran similitud, aunque existen diferencias en cuanto a los órganos implicados y el tiempo de respuesta, siendo éste un factor importante para la recuperación de la homeostasis. Los parámetros utilizados para identificar los peces estresados son los relacionados con las diferentes fases de la respuesta al estrés: respuesta primaria (adrenalina y cortisol), secundaria (glucosa, lactato y iones del plasma) y las proteínas de fase aguda (APP); además de indicadores inmunes como los indicadores fagocíticos, las enzimas líticas del sistema alternativo del complemento, las aglutininas y los precipitinas (opsoninas, sobre todo lectinas), los anticuerpos naturales, los citoquinas, los quimiomoquinas y los peptidos anti-bacterianos. Todo ello cobra gran relevancia desde el punto de vista económico, por cuanto la producción industrial de recursos pesqueros (piscifactorías) muestra cada vez mayor importancia económica en todo el mundo debido al crecimiento de su demanda y a la creciente calidad del producto comercial.
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