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Le domaine de la physique quantique ne peut ˆetre approch´e qu’indirectement, `a l’aide de constructions abstraites de concepts; ces derniers sont organis´es en une th´eorie coh´erente et puissante, qui paraˆıt correspondre `a la “ ´ecessit´e des ph´enom`enes”, c’est-`a-dire `a quelque chose d’objectif. Dans l’“interpr´etation de la m´ecanique quantique”, cette objectivit´e (dans un sens g´en´eral) est admise, mais ce `a quoi elle renvoie fait probl`eme: s’agit-il de ph´enom`enes donn´es dans leur observation ou d’objets physiques r´eels (dont il faudrait alors pr´eciser dans quel sens on l’entend)? On examine si ce d´ebat peut ˆetre articul´e sur celui entre construction ou objectivit´e pos´e de nos jours `a la philosophie de la connaissance par les ´etudes sociales sur les sciences. Un ´el´ement important d’appr´eciation est fourni par l’examen de la nature de la correspondance entre les concepts th´eoriques et ce qu’ils ´esignent: dans quelle mesure la repr´esentation, d’abord abstraite, par construction, devient-elle ensuite “directe”, “concr` ete”, “intuitive”, selon la connaissance ph´enom´enale elle-mˆeme `a laquelle elle en vient `a correspondre?
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