How to Cite
Downloads
Métricas Alternativas
Dimensions
Abstract
A new strategic model for management of biotic resources from integrated conservation and development areas is presented. The model is intended to give any of these areas a way to analyze the presence of biotic resources in light of their phenology and consequent cash flow. Through this analysis, local area managers have the opportunity to add appropriate small businesses. The constant monitoring of both extraction and resultant cash flow permits use of the adaptive management protocol. While the model does not provide for calculations of prospective long-term earnings, it provides an outline for the community coordinators as they develop their program and monitor its development.
Keywords
References
Abbot, J. & D. Thomas. 2001. Understanding the links between conservation and development in the Bamenda Highlands, Cameroon. World Development 29(7): 1115-1136.
Aipert, P. 1995. Applying ecological research at integrated conservation and development projects. Ecological Applications 5(4): 1-4.
Aipert, P. 1996. Integrated conservation and development projects. Examples from Africa. BioScience 46(11): 845-855.
Badoia, R. 1998. Attitudes of local people towards conservation and alternatives to forest resources: A case study from the lower Himalayas. Biodiversity and Conservation 7: 1245-1259.
Barrett, C. & P. Arcese. 1995. Are integrated conservation and development projects (ICDPs) sustainable? On the conservation of large mammals in Sub-Saharan Africa. World Development 23(7): 1073-1084.
Bennett, B. 1992. Plants and people of the Amazonian rainforests. BioScience 42(8): 599-607.
Bitter, P. 1999. Application of GIS to mountain land-use planning. Issues in Mountain Development 3: 1-6. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development. Available at: ICIMOD.
Browder, J. 1992. The limits of extractivism. Tropical forest strategies beyond extractive reserves. BioScience 42(3): 174-182.
Brown, M. & B. Wyckoff-Baird. 1992. Designing Integrated Conservation And Development Projects. The Biodiversity Support Program, U.S. Agency for International Development, World Wildlife Fund. Baltimore, Maryland.
Brundtland, H. 1987. Our Common Future. Oxford University Press, for the World Commission on Environment and Development. Oxford, England, UK.
Clark, C. 1973. The economics of overexploitation. Science 181(4100): 630-634.
Comiskey, J., G. Ayzanoa & F. Dallmeier. 1994. A data management system for monitoring forest dynamics. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 7: 419-427.
Condit, R., R. Foster, S. Hubbell, R. Sukumar, E. Leigh, N. Manokaran, S. Loo de Lao, J. La Frankie & P. Ashton. 1998. Assessing forest diversity on small plots: Calibration using species-individual curves from 50-ha plots. In: F. Dallmeier & J. Comiskey (eds.). Forest Biodiversity Research, Monitoring and Modeling. Conceptual Background and Old World Case Studies. Man and the Biosphere Series vol. 20. Parthenon Publishing, Pear River, New York, USA.
Conservation International. 2001. The green host effect: An integrated approach to sustainable tourism and resort development. Conservation International Web Page Library. Available at: Conservation International.
Costanza, R. 1996. Ecological economics: Reintegrating the study of humans and nature. Ecological Applications 6(4): 978-990.
Costanza, R. & V. O'Neill. 1996. Introduction: Ecological economics and sustainability. Ecological Applications 6(4): 975-977.
Daily, G. & P. Ehrlich. 1996. Socioeconomic equity, sustainability and Earth's carrying capacity. Ecological Applications 6(4): 991-1001.
Dallmeier, F. 1992. Long-term monitoring of biological diversity in tropical forest areas: Methods for establishment and inventory of permanent plots. MAB Digest 11. UNESCO, Paris.
Dallmeier, F. & J. Comiskey. 1996. From the forest to the user: a methodology update. Pp. 41-56. In: D. Wilson & D. Sandoval (eds.). The Biodiversity of Southeastern Peru. Editorial Horizonte, Lima, Peru.
Dallmeier, F. & J. Comiskey 1998a. Forest biodiversity assessment, monitoring and evaluation for adaptive management. Pp. 3-15. In: F. Dallmeier & J. Comiskey (eds.). Forest Biodiversity Research, Monitoring and Modeling. Conceptual Background and Old World Case Studies. Man and the Biosphere Series vol. 20. Parthenon Publishing, Pear River, New York, USA.
Dallmeier, F. & J. Comiskey 1998b. (eds.). Forest Biodiversity Research, Monitoring and Modeling. Conceptual Background and Old World Case Studies. Man and the Biosphere Series vol. 20. Parthenon Publishing, Pear River, New York, USA.
Dallmeier, F. & J. Comiskey 1998c. (eds.). Forest Biodiversity In North, Central and South America and the Caribbean. Research and Monitoring. Man and the Biosphere Series vol. 21. Parthenon Publishing, Pear River, New York, USA.
Danielsen, F., D. Balete, M. Poulsen, M. Enghoff, C. Nozawa & A. Jensen. 2000. A simple system for monitoring biodiversity in protected areas of a developing country. Biodiversity and Conservation 9: 1671-1705.
Dennis, B. 1996. Discussion: Should ecologists become Bayesians? Ecological Applications 6(4): 1095-1103.
Dogsé, P. 1998. Designing and managing permanent monitoring plots as tools for implementing the Convention on Biological Diversity. Pp. 29-46. In: F. Dallmeier & J. Comiskey (eds.). Forest Biodiversity In North, Central and South America and the Caribbean. Research and Monitoring. Man and the Biosphere Series vol. 21. Parthenon Publishing, Pear River, New York, USA.
Drechsler, M. & F. Wätzold. 2001. The importance of economic costs in the development of guidelines for spatial conservation management. Biological Conservation 97: 51-59.
Edwards, P. & C. Abivardi. 1998. The value of biodiversity: Where ecology and economy blend. Biological Conservation 83(3): 239-246.
Ellison, A. 1996. An introduction to Bayesian inference for ecological research and environmental decision-making. Ecological Applications 6(4): 1036-1046.
Fearnside, P. 1986. Human Carrying Capacity of the Brazilian Rainforest. Columbia University Press, New York, USA.
Fuentes, E. 1993. Scientific research and sustainable development. Ecological Applications 3(4): 576-577.
Ganeshaiah, K., K. Chandrashekara, & A. Kumar. 1997. Avalanche index: a new measure of biodiversity based on biological heterogeneity of the communities. Current Science 73: 128-133.
Ganeshaiah, K., K. Chandrashekara, & R. Shaanker. 2000. Measuring biological heterogeneity of forest vegetation types: Avalanche index as an estimate of biological diversity.
Geoghegan, J., S. Cortina V. P. Klepeis, P. Macario M., Y. Ogneva-Himmelberger, R. R. Chowdhury, B. L. Turner II, & C. Vanee. 2001. Modeling tropical deforestation in the southern Yucatán peninsular region: comparing survey and satellite data. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 85: 25-46.
Gerard, F., B. Wyatt, A. Millington & J. Wellens. 1988. The role of data from intensive sample plots in the development of a new method for mapping tropical forest types using satellite imagery. Pp. 141-158. In: F. Dallmeier & J. Comiskey (eds.). Forest Biodiversity Research, Monitoring and Modeling. Conceptual Background and Old World Case Studies. Man and the Biosphere Series vol. 20. Parthenon Publishing, Pear River, New York, USA.
Godoy, R. & T. C. Feaw. 1989. The profitability of smallholder rattan cultivation in central Borneo. Human Ecology 16: 397-420.
Godoy, R. & T. C. Feaw.& R. Lubowski. 1992. Guidelines for economic valuation of non-timber tropical-forest products. Current Anthropology 33(4): 423-433.
Godoy, R. & T. C. Feaw. & A. Markandya. 1993. A method for the economic valuation of non-timber tropical forest products. Economic Botany 47(3): 220-233.
Goodland, R. 1995. The concept of environmental sustainability. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 26: 1-24.
Grimes, A., S. Loomis, P. Jahnige, M. Burnham, K. Onthbank, R. Alarcón, W. Palacios, C. Cerón, D. Neill, M. Balick, B. Bennett & R. Mendelsohn. 1994. Valuing the rainforest: The economic value of non-timber forest products in Ecuador. Ambio 23(7): 405-410.
Gould, K., A. Howard & Gustavo Rodríguez. 1998. Sustainable production of non-timber forest products: Natural dye extraction from El Cruce Dos Aguadas, Petén, Guatemala. Forest Ecology and Management 111: 69-82.
Guariguata, M. & R. Ostertag. 2001. Neotropical secondary forest succession: changes in structural and functional characteristics. Forest Ecology and Management 148: 185-206.
Hilborn, R. & D. Ludwig. 1993. The limits of applied ecological research. Ecological Applications 3(4): 550-552.
Hilborn, R. & D. Ludwig. C. Walters & D. Ludwig. 1995. Sustainable exploitation of renewable resources. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 26: 45-67.
Honey, M. S. 1999. Treading lightly? Ecotourism's impact on the environment. Environment: June, 1999: 1-15.
INR. 2001. Local applications for remote sensing techniques. Institute of Natural Resources Homepage: http://www.inr.unp.ac.za/more/larst.html.
IUCN. 2000. World Wide Web Home Page, World Conservation Union for Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), Forest Conservation Programme. http://iucn.org/themes/fcp/index.html.
Jones, B. 1999. Policy lessons from the evolution of a community-based approach to wildlife management, Kunene Region, Namibia. Journal of International Development 11: 295-304.
Jong, W. De. 2000. Trees and forest management in the floodplains of the Peruvian Amazon. Forest Ecology and Management 150: 125-134.
Kremen, C., A. Mierendorf & D. Murphy. 1994. Ecological monitoring: A vital need for integrated conservation and development programs in the tropics. Conservation Biology 8(2): 388-397.
Kvist, L. P. & G. Nebel. 2001. A review of Peruvian floodplain forests: ecosystems, inhabitants and resource use.
Kvist, L. P. & G. Nebel. 2001. , M. Andersen, J. Stagegaard, M. Hesselsøe, & C. Llapapasca. 2001a. Extraction from woody forest plants in evaluation and conservation status of resources. Forest Ecology and Management 150: 147-174.
Kvist, L. P. & G. Nebel. 2001. , S. Gram, A. Cáceres & I. Ore. 2001b. Socio-economy of floodplain households in the Peruvian Amazon. Forest Ecology and Management 150: 175-186.
Laurance, W. F. 1999a. Introduction and synthesis. Biological Conservation 91: 101-107.
Laurance, W. F. 1999b. Reflections on the tropical deforestation crisis. Biological Conservation 91: 109-117.
Lubchenco, J., A. Olson, L. Brubaker, S. Carpenter, M. Holland, S. Hubbell, S. Levin, J. MacMahon, P. Matson, J. Melillo, H. Mooney, C. Peterson, H. R. Pulliam, L. Real, P. Regal & P. Risser. 1991. Iniciativa para una biosfera sustentable: Una agenda de investigación ecológica. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 64: 175-226.
Ludwig, D. 1993. Environmental sustainability: Magic, science, and religion in natural resource management. Ecological Applications 3(4): 555-558.
Ludwig, D. , R. Hilborn & C. Walters. 1993. Uncertainty, resource exploitation, and conservation: lessons from history. Science 260: 17, 36.
Lund, H. G., D. Evans & D. Linden. 1995. Scanned, zapped, timed, and digitized: advanced technologies for measuring and monitoring vegetation diversity. Pp. 365-382. In: T. Boyle & B. Boontawee (eds.). Measuring and Monitoring Biodiversity in Tropical and Temperate Forests. Center for International Forestry Research. Bogor, Indonesia.
Lund, H. G., V. Rudis & K. Stolte. 1998. Plots, pixels and partnerships: Prospects for mapping, monitoring and modelling biodiversity. Pp. 79-99. In: F. Dallmeier & J. Comiskey (eds.). Forest Biodiversity Research, Monitoring and Modeling. Conceptual Background and Old World Case Studies. Man and the Biosphere Series vol. 20. Parthenon Publishing, Pear River, New York, USA.
Margoluis, R. & N. Salafsky. 1998. Measures of Success: Designing, Managing and Monitoring Conservation and Development Projects. Island Press, Washington, DC, USA.
Mingoti, S. & G. Meeden. 1992. Estimating the total number of distinct species using presence and absence data. Biometrics 48: 863-875.
Mylint, M. & P. Pradhan. 1996. Integration of GIS, remote sensing and ecological methods for biodiversity inventory and assessment. Issues in Mountain Development 4: 1-7. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development. http://www.icimod.org.sg/publications/imd/imd99-4.htm.
Nebel, G. 2001. Sustainable land-use in Peruvian floodplain forests: options, planning and implementation. Forest Ecology and Management 150: 187-198.
Nebel, G., L. P. Kvist, J. Vanclay & H. Vidaurre. 2001. Forest dynamics in floodplain forests in the Peruvian Amazon: effects of disturbance and implications for management. Forest Ecology and Management 150: 79-92.
Newmark, W. 2000. Conserving Wildlife in Africa: Integrated conservation and development projects and beyond. BioScience 50(7): 585-592.
Noss, R. I. 1990. Indicators for monitoring biodiversity: A hierarchical approach. Conservation Biology 4(4): 355-364.
O'Neill, R. 1996. Perspectives on economics and ecology. Ecological Applications 6(4): 1031-1033.
Padoch, C. & W. De Jong. 1989. Production and profit in agroforestry: An example from the Peruvian Amazon. Pp. 102-113. In: J. Browder (ed.). Fragile Lands of Latin America: Strategies for Sustainable Development. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
Papola, T. 1996. Integrated planning for environment and economic development in mountain areas: Concepts, Issues and Approaches. The environment-development dilemma. Issues in Mountain Development 1: 1-4. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development. http://www.icimod.org.sg/publications/imd/issue1.htm.
Peters, C. 1994. Sustainable Harvest of Non-timber Plant Resources in Tropical Moist Forest: An Ecological Primer. Biodiversity Support Program, Washington, DC.
Peters, C., A. Gentry & R. Mendelsohn. 1989. Valuation of an Amazonian rainforest. Nature 339: 655-656.
Phillips, O. & A. Gentry. 1993a. The useful plants of Tambopata, Peru: I. Statistical hypotheses tests with a new quantitative technique. Economic Botany 47(1): 15-32.
Phillips, O. & A. Gentry. 1993b. The useful plants of Tambopata, Peru: II. Additional hypothesis testing in quantitative ethnobotany. Economic Botany 47(1): 33-43.
Phillips, O. & A. Gentry. , C. Reynel, P. Wilkin & C. Galvez-Durand. 1994. Quantitative ethnobotany and Amazonian conservation. Conservation Biology 8(1): 225-248.
Pinedo-Vásquez, M., D. Azrin, P. Jipp, J. Chota-Inuma. 1990. Use-values of tree species in a communal forest reserve in northeast Peru. Conservation Biology 4(4): 405-416.
Pipoly, J. 1996. Permanent forest and non-forest inventory plot protocol. Philippine Flora Newsletter 9: 2.
Pipoly, J. M. & D. Madulid. 1998. Composition, structure and species richness of a submontane moist forest on Mt. Kinasalapi, Mindanao, Philippines. Pp. 591-600. In: F. Dallmeier & J. Comiskey (eds.). Forest Biodiversity Research, Monitoring and Modeling. Conceptual Background and Old World Case Studies. Man and the Biosphere Series vol. 20. Parthenon Publishing, Pear River, New York, USA.
Pitelka, L. & F. Pitelka. 1993. Environmental decision making: Multidimensional dilemmas. Ecological Applications 3(4): 566-568.
Pradhan, S. 1996. Integration of GIS and remote sensing for crop acreage estimation: An information system development approach. Issues in Mountain Development 6: 1-9. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development. http://www.icimod.org.sg/publications/imd/imd99-6.htm.
Prance, G. T., W. Balée, B. Boom, & R. L. Carneiro. 1987. Quantitative ethnobotany and the case for conservation in Amazonia. Conservation Biology 1: 296-310.
Price, C. 2000. Valuation of unpriced products: contingent valuation, cost-benefit analysis and participatory democracy. Land Use Policy 17: 187-186.
Puredorj, T., R. Tateishi, T. Ishiyama & Y. Honda. 1998. Relationships between percent vegetation cover and vegetation indices. International Journal of Remote Sensing 19(18): 3519-3535.
Roy, P. S. & S. Tomar. 2000. Biodiversity characterization at landscape level using geospatial modelling technique. Biological Conservation 95: 95-109.
Russell, C. 1996. Integrating ecology and economics via regional modeling. Ecological Applications 6(4): 1025-1030.
Rybaczuk, K. Y. 2001. GIS as an aid to environmental management and community participation in the Negril Watershed, Jamaica. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 25: 141-165.
Salafsky, N. & R. Margoluis. 1999. Greater Than the Sum of Their Parts: Designing Conservation and Development Programs to Maximize Results and Learning. Biodiversity Support Program, Washington DC, USA.
Schwartzman, S. 1989. Extractive reserves in the Amazon. Pp. 150-163. In: J. Browder (ed.). Fragile Lands of Latin America: Strategies for Sustainable Development. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
Sharma, P. 1998. Environment, culture, economy and tourism: Dilemmas in the Hindu Kush-Himalayas. Issues in Mountain Development 3: 1-8. International Centre for Mountain Development. http://www.icimod.org.sg/publications/imd/imd98-3.htm.
Sierra, R., F. Rodríguez & E. Losos. 1999. Forest resource use change during early market integration in tropical rain forests: the Huaorani of upper Amazonia. Ecological Economics 30: 107-119.
Socolow, R. 1993. Achieving sustainable development that is mindful of human imperfection. Ecological Applications 3(4): 581-583.
Stohlgren, T., D. Binkley, T. Veblen, & W. Baker. 1995. Attributes of reliable long-term landscape-scale studies: Malpractice insurance for landscape ecologists. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 36(1): 1-25.
Stohlgren, T., D. Binkley, T. Veblen, & W. Baker, J. Owen & M. Lee. 2000. Monitoring shifts in plant diversity in response to climate change: A method for landscapes. Biodiversity & Conservation 9(1): 65-86.
Stoms, D. & J. Estes. 1993. A remote sensing research agenda for mapping and monitoring biodiversity. International Journal of Remote Sensing 14(10): 1839-1860.
Toledo, V., J. Ca:;allero & A. Argueta. 1978. El uso múltiple de la selva basado en el conocimiento tradicional. Biotica 3: 85-101.
Turner, M. & P. Gardener. 1994. Quantitative Methods in Landscape Ecology. Springer-Verlag, New York, USA.
UNEP. 1996a. Identification, Monitoring and Assessment of Components of Biological Diversity and Processes which have Negative Impacts. Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice, Second Meeting, 2-6 September 1996. Montreal, Canada.
UNEP. 1996b. Report of the Second Meeting of the Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice. UNEP/CBD/COP/1/7. UNEP, Montreal, Canada.
UNESCO. 1995. Biosphere Reserves: The Seville Strategy and the Statutory Framework of the World Network. UNESCO, Paris.
United Nations. 1997. Preparations for the special session of the general assembly for the purpose of an overall review and appraisal of the implementation of Agenda 21, Implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity. UN Economic and Social Council, Commission on Sustainable Development, Fifth Session, 7-25 April. E/CN.17/1997/11. http://www.un.org/documents/ecosoc/cn17/1997/ecn17-1997-11.htm.
United Nations. 2001. Global status of biological diversity. Report of the Secretary General. Commission on Sustainable Development acting as the preparatory committee for the World Summit on Sustainable Development. E/CN.17/2001/PC/18. http://www.un.org/documents/ecosoc/cn17/2001/ecn17-2001-pc18.htm.
Vásquez, R. & A. Gentry. 1989. Use and misuse of forest-harvested fruits in the Iquitos area. Conservation Biology 3(4): 350-361.
Ver Hoef, J. 1996. Parametric empirical Bayes methods for ecological applications. Ecological Applications 6(4): 1047-1055.
Willers, B. 1994. Sustainable development: A new world deception. Conservation Biology 8(4): 1146-1148.
Wunder, S. 2000. Ecotourism and economic incentives - an empirical approach. Ecological Economics 32: 465-479.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.