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Avicennia germinans (L.) Stearn, a New World mangrove, grows in saline and oxygen-deficient soils. The root system architecture makes it possible to form absorbing roots in a position from which they may reach substrates, soil, or water with favorable salt concentrations. Pneumatophores and large gas spaces within the roots supply oxygen to the root cells. The formation of aerenchyma considerably reduces the number of living, oxygen-consuming cells. Oxygen loss from the root to the substrate is reduced by the formation of cork layers that may also surround the apical meristems. Thus, the absorption of ions is limited to growing root tips and rootlets without secondary thickening.
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