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The first outlines of the Isthmus of Panama's initial formation began in the middle Miocene, impacting paleogeography. The Cordillera Oriental's elevation, occurring between 12.9 and 11.8 million years ago, peaked between 5 and 2.5 million years ago, altering the hydrographic networks of the Amazon, Orinoco, and Magdalena rivers. A cold epoch in the Sabana de Bogotá, dating back to 2.7 million years ago, might correspond to an upper Pliocene glacial stage. The isthmus's formation triggered a significant faunal exchange between North and South America, while during the Pleistocene, coral reefs formed along the Caribbean coasts of Colombia, dating from 300,000 to 124,000 years ago.
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