How to Cite
Downloads
Métricas Alternativas
Dimensions
Abstract
Zamia encephalartoides (Zamiaceae), a threatened, endemic species from a dry, andean location of Colombia, is known from a few populations located in disturbed, geologically unstable slopes. The first report of herbivory by the butterfly Eumaeus cf. minijas Huebn. (Lycaenidae) on this plant is here documented. A high frequence of juvenile stages on leaves and male and female cones was detected; the butterfly uses leaves, sporophylls and seeds of this plant for laying their eggs, for food of their caterpillars and for mechanical support for their pupae. Eggs are laid in groups. Caterpillars are aposematic and gregarious and feed exclusively on this plant, which indicates that they have acquired tolerance and mechanisms to sequester the toxic metabolites present in Zamia. Under artificial conditions, life cycle from egg to imago emergence spans 50 days. It is unlikely that damage due to herbivory severely affects survival of Z. encephalartoides, as this plant produces many leaves on each growing season. Strong damage was not observed, except in three female cones. Factors affecting the pollination system and the over-exploitation of seeds can further decrease the low number of populations and individuals of this plant. As for the butterfly, survival is threatened due to the continuous use of insecticides and habitat destruction in the area.
Keywords
References
Baggett, H.D. 1982. Florida atala. In R. Franz (ed.), Rare and Endangered Biota of Florida. Vol. 6. Invertebrates. University Press of Florida. Gainesville, Florida, USA. Pp. 75-77.
Bowers, M.D. & Z. Larin. 1989. Acquired chemical defense in the lycaenid butterfly, Eumaeus atala. J. Chem. Ecol. 15: 133-146.
Calderón-Sáenz, E. & D.W. Stevenson. 2003. Una nueva especie de Zamia L. (Zamiaceae) de los Andes de Colombia y clave actualizada para las especies del género en Colombia. Rev. Acad. Colomb. Cienc. 27 (105): 485-490.
Clark, D.B., D.A. Clark & M.H. Grayum. 1992. Leaf demography of a neotropical rain forest cycad, Zamia skinneri (Zamiaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 79: 28-33.
Crepet, W. 1979. Insect pollination: a paleontological perspective. Bioscience 29: 102-108.
& E.M. Friis. 1987. The evolution of insect pollination in angiosperms. In E.M. Friis, W. Chaloner & P.R. Crane (eds.), The Origins of Angiosperms and their Biological Consequences. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, USA. Pp. 181-201.
Crowson, R.H. 1991. The relations of coleoptera to Cycadales. In M. Zunino, X. Beltes & M. Blas (eds.) Advances in Coleopterology. AEC. Barcelona, España. Pp. 13-28.
Díaz-Piedrahita, S. 1985. Cicadáceas. Flora de la Real Expedición Botánica del Nuevo Reino de Granada 3: 23-25, t. 18-20.
Donaldson, J.S. 1991. Adaptation to the host plant and the evolution of host relationship in cycad weevils (Coleoptera: Brentidae). Ph.D. Thesis, U. Cape Town, South Africa.
Donaldson, & J. De Wet Bösenberg. 1995a. Duration of developmental stages of the male gametophyte in the interval between pollination and release of spermatozoids in Encephalartos altensteinii. In P. Vorster (ed.), Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Cycad Biology. The Cycad Society of South Africa, Stellenbosch, South Africa. Pp. 415-422.
Donaldson, & J. De Wet Bösenberg. 1995b. Life history and host range of the leopard magpie moth, Zerenopsis leopardina Felder (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Afric. Entomol. 3: 103-110.
I. Nänni & J. De Wet Bösenberg. 1995. The role of insects in the pollination of Encephalartos cycadifolius. In P. Vorster (ed.), Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Cycad Biology. The Cycad Society of South Africa, Stellenbosch, South Africa. Pp. 423-434.
Fawcett, P. & K. Norstog. 1993. Zamia pumila in South Florida: a preliminary report on its pollinators R. slossoni, a snout weevil and P. zamiae, a clavicorn beetle. In D.W. Stevenson & K.J. Norstog (eds.), Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Cycad Biology. Palm and Cycad Societies of Australia, Milton, Queensland, Australia. Pp. 109-120.
Grimaldi, D. 1999. The co-radiations of pollinating insects and angiosperms in the Cretaceous. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 86:373-406.
Landolt, P.J. 1984. The Florida atala butterfly, Eumaeus atala florida Rueber (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) in Dade County, Florida. Florida Entomologist 67: 570-571.
New, T. R. (ed.) 1993. Conservation biology of Lycaenidae (Butterflies). Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No. 8. IUCN, The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland.
Norstog, K.J. 1990. Studies of cycads reproduction at Fairchild Tropical Garden. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 57: 63-81.
Norstog & T. Nicholls. 1997. The Biology of the Cycads. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY., D.W. Stevenson & K.J. Niklas. 1986. The role of beetles in the pollination of Zamia furfuracea L. fil. (Zamiaceae). Biotropica 18: 300-306.
Oberprieler, R.G. 1995a. The weevils (Coleoptera:Curculionoidea) associated with cycads 1. Classification, relationships, and biology. In P. Vorster (ed.), Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Cycad Biology. The Cycad Society of South Africa, Stellenbosch, South Africa. Pp. 295-324.
Oberprieler, 1995b. The weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) associated with cycads 2. Host specificity and implications for cycad taxonomy. In P. Vorster (ed.), Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Cycad Biology. The Cycad Society of South Africa, Stellenbosch, South Africa. Pp. 335-365.
Osborne, R., D.W. Stevenson, & K.D. Hill. 1999. The world list of cycads. In C. J. Chen (ed.), Biology and Conservation of Cycads. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Cycad Biology. Panzhihua, China. International Academic Publishers, Beijing, China. Pp. 224-239.
Rawson, G. W. 1961. The recent rediscovery of Eumaeus atala (Lycaenidae) in Southern Florida. J. Lepid. Soc. 15: 237-244. Robbertse, P.J. & M.I. Claassen. 1995. Vegetative and reproductive cycles of some Encephalartos species in Pretoria gardens. In P. Vorster (ed.). Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Cycad Biology. The Cycad Society of South Africa, Stellenbosch, South Africa. Pp. 295-324.
Rothschild, M. 1992. Egg protection by the atala hairstreak butterfly (Eumaeus atala florida). Phytochemistry 31: 1959-1960. , Nash, R.J., & E. A. Bell. 1986. Cycasin in the endangered butterfly Eumaeus atala florida. Phytochemistry 25: 1853-1854.
Sabato, S. 1990. West Indian and South American cycads. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 57: 173-185.
Sacks, O. 1996. The Island of the Colorblind. Macmillan, London, U. K.
Schneider, D., K. Fiedler, B. Kornmaier, P. Lounibos, M. Wink, F. Sporer, A. Tei & J. Ziesmann. 1999. Cycads - Palmferns - and their insects (herbivores and pollinators). Abstract No. 1. Esito VI (European Symposium for Insect Taste and Olfaction). http://www.esito-symp.org/talks.html.
Stevenson, D.W. 2001. Cycadales. Flora de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Bogotá, Colombia. 90 pp.
Stewart, W.N. & G.W. Rothwell. 1993. Paleobotany and the Evolution of Plants. Second edition. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, USA.
Tang, W. 1987a. Insect pollination in the cycad Zamia pumila (Zamiaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 74: 90-99.
Tang, W. 1987b. Heat production in cycad cones. Bot. Gaz. 148:165-174.
Tang, W. 1993. Heat and odour production in cycad cones and their role in insect pollination. In D.W. Stevenson & K.J. Norstog (eds.), Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Cycad Biology. Palm and Cycad Societies of Australia, Milton, Queensland, Australia. Pp. 140-147.
Taylor, T. N. & E. L. Taylor. 1993. The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, USA. World Conservation Monitoring Centre. 1996. Checklist of CITES species. Cites Secretariat and World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Génèva, Switzerland & Cambridge, U. K. 400 pp
World Conservation Monitoring Centre. 1996. Checklist of CITES species. Cites Secretariat and World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Génèva, Switzerland & Cambridge, U. K. 400 pp
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2023 Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales